Bullying Speech Essay

Have you ever been bullied? Have you ever cry yourself to sleep every night just because you don’t want to go to school the next day? Have you almost risk your own life just because you don’t want to live anymore? From the different experiences I had encountered and listened to, being bullied by the people around you really change one’s lifestyle and perception in life. Bullying is an unwanted, aggressive behaviour among school aged children that involves a real or perceived power imbalance. The behaviour is repeated, or has the potential to be repeated, over time. Both kids who are bullied and who bully others may have serious, lasting problems. Close to half of all the children will experience school bullying at some point while they are at primary or secondary school or sometimes even if they are already adult and at work. Like my cousin who is now a sophomore high school student, he has been bullied nonstop for almost two years. He was teased by his classmate s because of his dumbness and quietness in class. Once, his classmates had punched him because he doesn’t want to give his allowance to them. Parents should always check their child because more than 20% of children who are repeatedly bullied end up in jail. According to Doc Ryan of Cyber Bullying Seminars (2009), bullying has several forms. These are physical, verbal, social, psychological and cyber. Physical bullying is when a person (or group of people) uses physical actions to bully someone; such as hitting, poking, tripping or pushing and repeatedly and intentionally damaging someone’s belongings. Verbal bullying is the repeated or systematic name calling, insults, homophobic or racist remark and verbal cause. Social bullying is indirect actions, such as lying about someone, spreading rumors, playing a nasty joke that make the person feel humiliated or powerless, and mimicking or deliberately excluding someone. Psychological bullying is threatening, manipulating or stalking someone. And cyber bullying is a method of bullying that uses technology. There are many factors that motivate bullying behavior. Bullies want to feel powerful by insulting or mocking someone. They want to have the attention their families did not give them. They want to be aggressive. Bullies pick on the people they think don’t fit in, maybe because of how they look, how they act (for example,  kids who are shy and withdrawn), their race or religion, or because the bullies think their target may be gay or lesbian. The bullies also have psychological problem of their own. They don’t bully other person just to act cool. They were attention seeking individuals who wanted to be noticed and to be noted as superior in their community. One of the most painful aspects of bullying is that it is relentless. Most people can take one episode of teasing or name calling or being shunned at the mall. However, when it goes on and on, bullying can put a person in a state of constant fear. Studies show that people who are abused by their peers are at risk for mental health problems, such as low self-esteem, stress, depression, or anxiety. They may also think about suicide more. There are many ways to overcome bullying. 1. Practice confidence. Practice ways to respond to the bully verbally or through your behavior. Practice feeling good about yourself (even if you have to fake it at first). 2. Ignore the bully and walk away. It’s definitely not a coward’s response — sometimes it can be harder than losing your temper. Bullies thrive on the reaction they get, and if you walk away or ignore hurtful emails or instant messages, you’re telling the bully that you just don’t care. 3. Seek guidance or ask for help when you or someone is bullied. It may help to talk to a guidance counselor, teacher, or friend — anyone who can give you the support you need. Talking can be a good outlet for the fears and frustrations that can build when you’re being bullied. 4. Take charge of your life. You can’t control other people’s actions, but you can stay true to yourself. Think about ways to feel your best — and your strongest. To sum up everything, bullying is an abuse of your human rights. It is a serious problem with serious mental and physical impacts. It can affect you at home, school, and work, in your social life and in your ability to feel happy, healthy and secure. It is a parasitical exchange, where one person gains a benefit from hurting another. Standing up to bullies doesn’t mean you have to have a physical fight with them. Most of the time, you don’t have to fight. There are almost always more effective ways to deal with bullies — ways that are better for you. Don’t ever forget that everyone has  the right to feel safe and happy. Today’s problem isn’t so much the bullying itself – bullying has been around for centuries. The problem is that it is difficult to escape from its cruelty. Despite campaigning, bullying itself won’t become extinct, but the safety felt by victims can be increased.

Pip’s emotion Essay

Remembering this, the adult Pip says â€Å"I believe they were fat, though at the time I was undersized for my years and not string† This begins to give the reader an image of Pips physical appearance. The fact that he is undersized and weak could be because due to the lack of money in his family he is underfed. This creates sympathy for Pip because the reader can see this poor defenceless little child in this awful situation and as he seems so defenceless the readers are interested to know how or if he will get himself out of this situation. This also helps Dickens to project his reasons for writing great expectations to the reader as he is unhappy with the conditions that Pip and other children in this time period are living in. The fact that Pip is criticizing himself could reflect the way he is treated by other people and is unhappy with himself (which becomes clear later in the story with his longing to become a gentleman). This Quote also shows that this is the voice of the adult Pip as looking back on this scene he is very concerned about his appearance as a boy. This could make the reader wonder if Pop is not poor any longer because as a gentleman appearance would be very important. Yet again Pip’s tone is quite light which helps to give the impression that Pip does get out of this situation safely and that maybe the convict isn’t as bad as he seems. This gives makes it seem that Pip is keeping something from the reader which makes the reader interested and wanting to find out what they don’t know. Pip continues to say â€Å"I earnestly expressed my hope that he wouldn’t and held tighter to the tombstone on which he had put me partly to keep myself upon it and partly to keep myself from crying. † By the explanation it is clear to the reader that this is a past event because it sounds like the words of an adult who is now well educated not those of a young boy who is close to tears. This also shows that the convicts has no consideration for Pips feelings and no respect for him either as he places him on top of a gravestone which could be that of his parents. This lack of care and respect for children is what Dickens is trying to put across and wants changed. This also gives the impression that in contrast to his previous defencelessness appearance pip as a character is quite brave as he is trying to stay calm and not show that he is upset while most children would be in tears. This could be trying to show the audience that you should not judge people by class or appearance which is relevant later on in the story as the convict turns out to be a nice person of lower class while Estella is cruel and snobby because she thinks she is better than Pip because of the class she believes she belongs to. However although the adult Pip seems to be thinking he was brave the first phrase sounds quite light as if pip doesn’t want the reader to think he was weak and is making the tone less serious. This still creates sympathy for Pip because so many terrible things are happening to him. The convict wants to scare Pip into doing what he wants † A boy may lock his door may be warm in bed, may tuck himself up, may draw the clothes over his head, may think himself comfortable and safe, but that young man will softly creep and creep his way to him and tear him open. â€Å"At this point Magwitch is being very manipulative and is scaring Pip into thinking that someone he cant see or hear can see and hear him. His description is so vivid that it may also make the reader feel uneasy as if they too are being watched. Dickens creates tension with the steady build up of short actions that result in him suddenly being killed. He lists every possible thing that Pip may try to do to escape and explaining how they won’t work and that Pip is unable to escape which will leave Pip feeling completely helpless. The fact that he uses Pip’s home as the setting for this grim death which is the one place Pip should feel safe will make Pip feel trapped and that he is in danger wherever he goes. The convict is looking into the mind of a child and has picked the scenario most children fear. This is very cruel which shows how desperate he is but could also show that magwitch has had contact with children as he knows what they fear. This concept is very disturbing and as was evident from previous descriptions Pip’s imagination is already going wild. The length of the detail could be because magwitch has done what he is describing or has seen someone else do it whilst in prison. Pip’s imagination and descriptions create more images of the convict † he looked into my young eyes as if he were eluding the hands of the dead people, stretching up cautiously out of their graves to get a twist upon his ankle and pull him in. † This is pips imagination exaggerating what he sees but still makes the reader picture magwitch as something out of a horror style text. It could be that the look on his face is like he is attempting to escape from the dead and recreates Pips earlier ideas of him coming for the graves. His appearance gives a feel of how much he has been through in the fact that he is covered in mud and starving to death. However the fact that he is not being pulled into the graves proves that he is strong and either not ready or refusing to die making the reader wonder if he has an important part to play later in the story, which he does. Dickens uses sentence structures to show distance â€Å"ours was the marsh country, down by the river, with as the river wound twenty miles from the sea† This creates an instant impression that his home is very far away. The word â€Å"wound† creates the image of distance and the repetition of river creates the feeling of length. Each comma between the descriptions could resemble a new twist or turn to the river. The fact that he is so far away from his home (and society) and the sea, makes him seem very isolated and alone. Not only is he trapped in the graveyard but his home seems to be in the middle of nowhere with no place to escape to this adds to the overall feeling of helplessness that the chapter creates around Pip. The commas themselves make the sentence more difficult to understand which symbolises the feeling of Pip being lost and trapped in this place completely separate from the rest of the world. Dickens uses sentence structures to show Pip’s emotions. Pip tells the reader † at such a time I found out for certain, that this bleak place overgrown with nettles was the churchyard, and that Philip pirrip late of this parish, and also georgianna wife of the above were dead and buried and that Alexander, Bartholomew, Abraham, Tobias and roger, infant children of the aforesaid, were also dead and buried, and that the dark flat wilderness beyond the churchyard intersected with dykes and mounds and gates with scattered cattle feeding on it, was the marshes and that the low leaden line beyond was the river; and that the distant savage lair from which the wind was rushing, was the sea; and the small bundle of shivers growing afraid of it all and beginning to cry was Pip. Here Dickens successfully; by use of sentence structure, captures the voice of the young Pip. † This sentence shows that Pip is getting increasingly upset with everything he is seeing. He is thinking about the deaths of his parents and brothers and beginning to realise how alone he is in the graveyard and in the world because almost his entire family is â€Å"dead and buried†. He seems to be looking around and taking in more and more at once which is shown by the fact that he keeps adding more and more descriptions to the sentence. He repeats the words â€Å"and that† after every semi-colon which effectively shows the voice of the young child as he is using limited vocabulary and making it sound like a list. This quote also how small and insignificant Pip is in his surroundings because it is such a long description until all that is left is pip. He is beginning to scare himself because he uses a metaphor describing the sea as a lair as the wind is rushing from it with such force like a wild animal waiting to attack him. This also shows a Childs imagination and fears and makes the reader want to protect Pip as he is a frightened innocent child. The sentence is extended with commas and semi-colons and everything is listed very quickly which makes Pip sound very panicky and this feeling is mirrored by the fact that the reader gets out of breath when reading it aloud. It shows a build up of all of his emotions and when the sentence ends the reader may get a sense of relief which is like the relief Pip feels when he begins to cry. Everything is described very negatively and Pip begins with the focus on the deaths of his family which shows what a depressing setting this is and makes the reader want to help Pip escape from it all. Dickens uses a long sentence to describe the convict. † A man who had been soaked in water and smothered in mud and lamed by stones, and cut by flints, and stung by nettles and torn by briars, who limped and shivered and glared and growled; and who’s teeth chattered in his head as he seized me by the chin. † Here Pip is getting panicked again which is shown by the fast pace of the list describing magwich’s appearance. This also captures the sense of a young boy through the adult pip because although this also sounds like the speech of a child with the repetition of the word â€Å"and† at the time pip was unlikely to have noticed everything about the convict. Therefore dickens writes as the adult Pip so as to give an effective description of the convict. It also emphasises how much the convict has been through and proves that he must be strong to have survived everything Pip describes and also that he must have a purpose in his life and in the story otherwise why put himself through so much. The alliteration focuses the reader’s attention on the words â€Å"glared and growled† giving an impression that the convict is some kind of wild animal which fits well with the metaphor â€Å"distant savage lair†.

The Story of an Hour & a Sorrowful Woman

â€Å"A Sorrowful Woman† & â€Å"The Story of an Hour† The sadness and unhappiness displayed by both of the married women in â€Å"A Sorrowful Woman† and â€Å"The Story of an Hour† shows that marriage does not always bring the typical ending of most fairy tales. Thus being living happily ever after. It is evident that both of these women feel trapped in their marriages as many people feel today. Growing up with eight sisters I have also seen this feeling of entrapment in the world as well. In both of these stories the women display such a lack of love towards their spouses and in fact in â€Å"The Story of an Hour† it seems as though Mrs. Mallard never really loved her spouse and is the happiest for the hour that she thinks her husband is dead. The woman in â€Å"A Sorrowful Woman† is never satisfied with her marriage and life and feels trapped as well. The bizarre thing is that both of these women end up dead and do not find a way to get help or to get out of the marriages. The authors of these two stories Kate Chopin and Gail Goodwin both tie the unhappiness of these women to the way in which society impacts ones marriage. First of all, through the settings of their stories, both of the authors suggested that social expectations be the real causes of their protagonists’ deaths. In â€Å"A Sorrowful Woman,† the nameless protagonist has what seems to be such a desirable life. She has a â€Å"durable, receptive, gentle† husband and a â€Å"tender golden three† son (189) â€Å"He was attuned to her; he understood such things† (189). This statement leads one to believe that her husband always understood her. It also seems that he is willing to sacrifice his time for her and their family. Mrs. Mallard in â€Å"The Story of an Hour† is in a similar environment. Knowing that she has heart trouble, â€Å"great care was taken to break to her as gently as possible the news of her husband’s death† (18). By setting up such nice environments where the two protagonists live, the authors keep readers away from the thought that their protagonists’ deaths are the result of bad treatment. It is the force of social expectations placed upon the women that locked them in the jail of marriage and that eventually lead them to death. It becomes evident while reading both of these stories that both of the female protagonists in the two stories live very unsatisfactory lives. Mrs. Mallard in â€Å"The Story of an Hour† seems to feel trapped in her own marriage. â€Å"She was young, with a fair, calm face, whose lines bespoke repression and even certain strength† (19) tells us that her marriage has taken everything away from the young woman emotionally. â€Å"It was only yesterday she had thought with a shudder that life might be long† (19), shows that she never felt freedom in her life and felt very unhappy in this marriage because life seemed to be so long because of it. Therefore, â€Å"She did not hear the story as many women have heard the same† (18) when she was told about her husband’s death. She just accepted it and went to her room because she realized that her husband’s death gave her freedom and now â€Å"spring days, and summer days, and all sorts of days [that] would be her own. † (19) In the other story â€Å"A Sorrowful Womanâ€Å", the once again nameless protagonist, is imprisoned in her own mind. This is different from â€Å"The story of an hour. † In â€Å"A Sorrowful Woman† the sight of her family makes her so disgusted and uneasy. She feels that to love and take care of her family is a burden. â€Å"She stood naked except for her bra, which hung by one strap down the side of her body; she had not the impetus to shrug it off† (189) indicates how tired and unmotivated she feels about her life. Both of these women in these two stories struggle to live happily and are constantly living in agony. Many readers, including myself, might wonder why they don’t free themselves by offering divorce to the husbands. Chopin and Godwin use a lot of irony to allow readers to know that it isn’t simple for their protagonists to break the social expectations that keep them in the boundary of marriage. Divorce is never an option for them. Divorce might have never been defined in their society, and it was most definitely not as common then as it is now. These poor women have no way to escape from their intense unhappiness. Not only did these women not have a way to get out of their crisis, but they were also prohibited from being themselves and from doing what they want. In â€Å"A Sorrowful Woman,† the main character is exhausted from being â€Å"a wife and mother one too many times† (189). When her son says, â€Å"She’s tired of doing all our things again† (193), this tells us what her life was like. She was constantly feeling the stress of trying to be a housewife against her will, although she did have the ability to write and wasn’t given much of a chance to write. Only once in her life does she have a chance to write â€Å"mad and fanciful stories nobody could ever make up again, and a table full of love sonnets†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (192-193); that is before her death. This woman is in a tough predicament. While the person herself tells her to do whatever she wants to, the person that is affected by social expectations inside her tells her to do other things. She completely loses controls of herself. Even though she was unable to do things she wants, she still had to pretend as if she was the luckiest woman (189). In â€Å"The Story of an Hour,† on the other hand, Mrs. Mallard’s overwhelming joy when she received the news of her husband’s death indicated for how long and how much she wanted to be â€Å"Free, free, free! (19). Only alone in her room could Mrs. Mallard express her happiness. In front of people, she has to repress her feelings and pretend to be sad. The conflict inside and outside the woman tells us so much about what the society expected her to do. It also seems that Godwin was trying to show the conflict between Mrs. Mallards marriage and society by intensely describing her world inside and outside of her room. Chopin and Godwin have successfully directed readers to the only reasonable resolution of their stories, the deaths of their main characters. Death is the only way our two protagonists are able to escape from their agony and from the pressure of social expectations placed upon them. These two women’s societies don’t allow them to die comfortably even when they have chosen death as their fate. In â€Å"A Sorrowful Woman,† even though our nameless protagonist despises being a mother and wife she still does what society would expect of her, as a housewife, right before her death. She made â€Å"five loaves of warm bread, a roast stuffed turkey, a glazed ham, three pies of different fillings, †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (192). In â€Å"The Story of an Hour,† Mrs. Mallard was said to have died of â€Å"joy that kills† (20) even though it seems as though she died because she was finally able to see freedom in her day’s ahead and could not fathom to live under her husband’s will again. Even until her death, her society still pushed her in the position of a pretender, of a person she never wants to be. Without a way out of these unhappy situations, both of the protagonists chose death for freedom. It is only through death that they are both able to escape from their unhappy lives. These stories provoke so much thought. Should society be more understanding of people? Maybe if our society could be more excepting and understanding there would be less tragedy like there has been in Chopin’s â€Å"The Story of an Hour† and Godwin’s â€Å"A Sorrowful Woman. † Works Cited Chopin, Kate. â€Å"The Story of an Hour. † Thinking and Writing About Literature. Michael Mayer. 2nd ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2001. 18-20. Goodwin, Gail. â€Å"A Sorrowful Woman. † Thinking and Writing About Literature. Michael Mayer. 2nd ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2001. 189-193.

Enlish Literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Enlish Literature - Essay Example son narrative by a character named Jack but his role is limited because he just percepts what had happened in Dummy’s life without going for deeper analysis. So, Dummy’s possessiveness with his stools, his grief over fish’s death and finally murder of his wife and the resultant suicide were all presented in the form of narration by young Jack without any analysis of the characters’ mindset. Even the killing of his wife was handled without indepth analysis. â€Å"Did in his wife with a hammer and drowned himself† (Craver). Based on the average number of words per sentence in the first three paragraphs of this story, the construction of the sentences, and the vocabulary used, one can easily assume that the intellectual level of the narrator is on the lower side. That is, Jack being a boy, his spoken words or narration was less matured and borders mostly on continuous narration, without scope for analysis. So, because of this continuous narration without any assessment, the intellectual level of the narration is directly consistent with Jacks apparent inability to analyze and explain the events which he describes in the

The Mortal God Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Mortal God - Research Paper Example This concept over the years has been employed into interactive human interface games as a creativity perspective. To understand the concept of anthropomorphism in video games, this paper therefore seeks to delve into the portrayal of gods as human figures and look into the reasons for this depiction. It also looks into how gods are given human traits. All these will be with regards to the video game â€Å"God of War 3†. The concept of anthropomorphism is depicted in the video game by a coincidence that most of the gods are named based on human traits and characters (Wade, 56). The controller controls the god of war, Kratos. The naming in this case is reflective of some human naming based on characteristics such as the conqueror, the magnificent, and the merciful among other character based names. The depiction of a god with such a name was directly derived from the human trait of war and retribution. Furthermore, there is the god of the sea, Poseidon. This name is synonymous to the human nature of a sailor. The other god in the game is Hades, also known as the lord of the underworld and ruler over the dead. He is also the god of wealth due to the precious metals mined from earth. In this case, he is named after the common human trait of resourceful people. The game also depicts a goddess known as Hestia, the goddess of virginity. This name is also based on a completely human condition of virginity. Hera is the goddess that protects marriages and takes special interest in women. A custodian of marriage is basically a human approach accomplished either in law or intrinsically held within human nature. Next is the Goddess of the city, handicraft and agriculture. The craft from which she draws her name are completely human activities. Another god in the game is Apollo, the god of music. Music is another primarily human activity. The game also focuses on the god of the sun of

Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 5

Psychology - Essay Example This paper tries to unearth my experiences of working with a team as the team leader in the class room and the paper makes an individual reflection of how I could instil motivation among the team members owing to my understanding of the various psychological theories put forward by psychologists regarding organizational psychology and working in groups. For the last one week I have been working in team as the team leader to prepare a case study report. The team consisted of twenty members of my class room. Preparing the case study was a challenging group task as each of the group members had his own unique way of looking at the case study provided. Therefore, it was essential that the group members shared their views to the group in an open discussion and the best way of presenting the report was finalized. Keeping the motivation level among the team members high was of utmost importance. However, I could find at the initial stage that most of the other members lacked focus or motivation; this resulted in communication gap and lack of interest among the group members. Moreover, a paucity of enthusiasm and commitment was seen everywhere. What might be the reason behind their indifference? I tried to unveil the hidden cause of the gloom implementing my past study experience and knowledge in various behavioural theories, from my own p erceptions. The first intuition that struck my brain as every one usually thinks was that it was due to the lack of interest in study because I have seen many students those who consider these kinds of team works as time wastes and put little effort to contribute any thing of their own. But the further study informed me that many of the members were personally good at study and had been doing well with their individual assignments. The major problem I observed was that the team members knowingly or unknowingly were impassive to move as a team. Any how, I was damn sure that some sorts of motivation

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marketing - Essay Example However, the increasing demands of the recent market trends have compelled marketing practices to be focused on the attainment of competitive advantage in the markets. It is due to this transition that marketing has begun to be considered as a strategic management tool to devise and attain long term objectives of the organization. The attainment of goals is possible if the demands of the customers are met and they are ensured that the services and products will be delivered to them in an effective and reliable manner (Kotler et al., 2008). Therefore, it becomes evident for companies to understand their market segments and customers’ demands to ensure that successful businesses are run and they are able to deliver better products and services than their competitors. Fulfillment of customer’s needs is one of the most studied aspects of marketing. Hill et al (2003) explained that customer satisfaction is the degree of fulfillment of the customer’s requirements by an entire product or service from an organization. Customer satisfaction is considered to be the factor that provokes customers to be loyal with their brands and convey a positive image of the company in front of other consumers. Loyal customers can prove to be good publicists for companies. Loyal customers are important assets for any organization since they do not switch brands due to price differences and promotions from the competitors. Customer satisfaction is also known to be a major source for increasing revenues for organizations; therefore, it is aimed to be attained by all organizations to reduce instances of brand shifts and increase market shares. Reicheld & Sasser (1990) studied the service industry and concluded their research with the finding that a 5% increm ent in the retaining of consumers results in a significant increase of 25% to 125% in the revenues of any company. The concept of retaining customers has resulted in the evolution of relationship marketing. This concept facilitates the attainment of revenues from extended relations with customers and makes the development of customer relations an important strategic aim for the company. However, it also needs to be comprehended that the fulfillment of customer’s requirements is not the sole solution for companies in the modern markets; rather they need to keep them contended and delighted with the products and services. It would not be wrong to state that service quality bears great relevance in attaining contentment and loyalty from the customer’s side. Sportswear selling is a varied and uneven market. Retailing chains in the respective field have recorded a slow but steady rate of growth in the past. Companies are investigating to devise innovative formats and proces ses to renew their business models and expanding their businesses with greater number of stores. Sports Direct and JD have managed to attain a prominent place in the current market by achieving a commendable market share. Mintel Reports (2009) stated that a promising future can be predicted for the sportswear retailing industry in UK, especially due to the upcoming London Olympics. The marketing strategy that was adopted by Sport Direct involved the implementation of discounts on their retailing items. This strategy helped them to distinguish themselves from the competitors in the market. The quality of their products is comparable to the ones being offered by globally recognized brands like Nike, Adidas and Puma. It is relevant to investigate if marketing strategies, such as lowering the prices of products, plays an important role in the attainment of customer satisfaction. The research shall focus on marketing strateg

Juvenile Justice and Policing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Juvenile Justice and Policing - Essay Example . However, the types of cases and age of criminals are distinct factors in all systems. Despite the fact that juvenile cases include dependency, neglect, status offences, and delinquency, today, cases of neglect, dependency, and status offences are processed by family courts, while the juvenile courts process cases of delinquency. The juvenile justice system therefore comprises of the police subsystem, the judicial subsystem, the corrections subsystem, and the community-based subsystem, each with its own roles and personnel. To ensure fair legal handling of youth offenders the juvenile justice process is used. It comprises of four phases namely custody, intake, adjudication, and disposition, each of which has its own roles to play in the juvenile justice process. This paper gives a detailed discussion of the juvenile justice system and the juvenile justice process. Keywords: Juvenile, Youth, Cases, Juvenile Justice System, Crime, Offender, Delinquency, Juvenile Court, Juvenile Justic e Process, Police, Judiciary, Corrections, Community-based Institutions, Custody, Intake, Adjudication, Disposition Introduction Juvenile crimes and wrong treatment of children have a profound impact on the well-being of the society (Martin, 2005). Juvenile crimes in the United States are a major cause of national concern. In recent years, juvenile crimes have been on the rise, with about a quarter of the crimes in America being committed by suspects whose age is less than eighteen years. Delinquent behavior has been noticed to occur as youths go through the difficulties of adolescent life. It is during this time that they engage in relationships, dating, drinking, working, and learn to drive. For all children in the United States, the risks of growing up are increased by social developments. The chances of adolescents taking risks are increased by economic, social, and political problems in America. These include the inequalities of race, ethnicity, age, and class, individualism, t he uncertainties of modern social life such as lack of jobs, prominence of consumerism, and lack of real opportunities for people of low social standing. Siegel and Welsh point out that â€Å"about 1.5 million youths are now arrested each year for crimes ranging in seriousness from loitering to murder† (2011, p. 10). The juvenile justice system was established in order to handle crimes committed by young offenders. Despite the fact that they are interrelated, the system is different from the adult criminal justice system, especially in the way juvenile crimes are handled, and the legal and political actions taken. How the Juvenile Justice System Functions According to Martin, â€Å"the juvenile justice system is composed of institutions that have been organized to manage established procedures as a way to achieve justice for all juveniles† (2005, p. 4). Juvenile justice procedures in the United States differ according to states and even counties (Burfeind & Bartusch, 2 011). Burfeind and Bartusch mention that â€Å"each state has a separate juvenile justice system, and they are systems only in a limited sense† (2011, p. 295). The federal government has very minor involvement in the system of juvenile justice, due to the fact that juvenile crimes are usually violations of the laws of the states (Burfeind & Bartusch, 2011). However, the types of cases and age of criminals are distinct factors in all systems. The age of a

Mathematics Project Based & Game Based Learning vs. Traditional Dissertation

Mathematics Project Based & Game Based Learning vs. Traditional Repetition Learning - Dissertation Example Bouris, Creel and Storz (2004) state that the game based approach is an innovative approach of teaching Mathematics. It involves the use of games and technology. The method entails both simple tasks and difficult tasks, which are done individually or in groups. Traditionally, people learned mathematics through memorization of mathematical concepts as teachers demonstrated procedures in class. After the lesson, a teacher would give students homework based on the concept covered in class. This mode of learning advocates memorization of Mathematical concepts by the students (Bouris, Creel and Storz, 2004). Certainly, math skills required for students to function effectively in the 20th century are completely different than present skills requirement, hence the need to change the way mathematics as a subject is taught. Presently, there is an ongoing debate as to the best way to effectively teach mathematics and whether the traditional method is still effective. The present study will see k to compare Project- Based Learning (PBL) and Game-Based Learning (GBL) with the Traditional Repetitive Learning (TRL) to determine the most effective method of teaching mathematics. Significance of the Study Following increased pressure by the United States Department of Education, as well as the state of Tennessee Department of Education on mathematics teachers to enhance students’ mastery of mathematics as a key subject; teachers are increasingly adjusting their teaching methods to help improve students understanding of the subject. However, to some mathematics educators, the focus of academic achievement never goes beyond classroom and quizzes given to students. This notion has created an environment that continues to bar students from appreciating the applicability of mathematics to real-world problems (Afari et al., 2013). Even though continuous research has been done on teaching mathematics, little has been done on the effective methods of teaching the subject. Previo us researchers have tried to prove and provide evidence that mathematics is a critical subject for societal development while others sought to establish students’ performance in this subject. For instance, in 2012, the US Department of Education found that 8th grade students from the US were ranked 24th out of 29 countries in mathematics literacy. This was a clear indication that there was a big problem in the way mathematics as a subject was taught. Compared with other students from countries where PBL and GBL teaching methods had already been implemented, the US students’ scores were found to be low. Such low test scores and considering the impact of using different approaches when teaching mathematics, led to this study that seeks to establish the effectiveness of PBL, GBL and TRL approaches of teaching mathematics. This study will be conducted at Pine Elementary School which has a total population of 747 students. Departing from other previous researches that sough t to compare performance in mathematics relative to other subjects, this study will focus on effective teaching approaches that can enhance students’

MIrc (Internet Relay Chat) client Research Proposal

MIrc (Internet Relay Chat) client - Research Proposal Example In specific, this paper will discuss different features and aspects of one of the most popular internet relay chat clients, mIRC. An internet relay chat client was developed especially for Microsoft Windows by Khaled Mardam-Bey in the year 1995, (mIRC, 2008) which has been successful in establishing and proving its versatility and popularity by different features including real-time chat, file transfers, group discussions through channels, buddy lists, and a number of other features that will be discussed in this paper. According to sources, mIRC is used by more than twenty million users in different parts of the globe, and is considered one of the top ten internet applications. Interestingly, letter ‘m’ in mIRC is still unknown despite of its popularity and success, whereas, IRC stands for internet relay chat in mIRC. (Miller, pp. 221) According to the creator of mIRC, a number of basic features required for an IRC client were lacking in WinIRC that is considered the first IRC client created for Microsoft Windows. Thus, he felt a need for creating mIRC that received enormous appreciation from its competitors, as well as, users around the globe, even after introduction of a number of interactive real-time chat clients on the internet. One of the major causes of mIRC’s popularity and success is its inexpensive price, as it costs only $20.00 per mIRC application. (mIRC, 2008) In addition, it comes with a 30-day evaluation period that allows a user to interact and benefit from its various and all the features; whereas, a number of internet chat applications disable some functions during their evaluation period. Interestingly, a user may use the application and benefit from it even after the evaluation period, which is considered another major cause of its popularity and success. According to studies, dominant scripting language of mIRC has played a vital role in the success of mIRC, as it allows the creation of

International Marketing - Project 2 Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

International Marketing - Project 2 - Term Paper Example Abaya the name, originated from the Arabian Peninsula meaning, cover the whole body (Tarrant &Marjorie 301). Abaya does not produce casual wear it is strictly religious and traditional in its productions and has stores in Pakistan, Turkey, Arabia and many other countries worldwide(Tarrant &Marjorie 311). China revolves around its tradition, culture, and beliefs on a daily basis. Religious and traditional clothing in china is an important part of their lives since it gives individuals personal identity. Abayas will definitely succeed in producing these different types of religious clothing to China since it is a daily part of their lives. However, two factors require careful analysis in order to enter the market and launch the product with a successful accomplishment. These two key factors are targeting market, positioning in market and the marketing mix of the company. This report will expand on the factors that will determine the success in launching and penetration to the market. Traditional and religious clothing will target a wide range of individuals in china. There are several traditional clothing in China does not vary with age group, all the individual practice their religion and traditions and are committed to them including children and old people. There are several ethnic groups with different preferences in their traditional and religious clothing. The hun, Manchu, zhuang and hui are among the largest ethnic communities in China. The best way to target all of these ethnic groups is to subdivide the whole into segments. This will make it possible to treat each market uniquely with its own needs and marketing mix (Madura 89). During the division of the market into segments, it is necessary to note characteristics of each segment in order to realize the potential segments. In the case of China, these different ethnic groups can create the segments. Select the potential segments

Cybercrime Definition Essay Example for Free

Cybercrime Definition Essay 1: What is a cybercrime in your own words? Cybercrime, also called computer crime because the use of a computer is used as tool to help people meet their illegal ends. Some cybercrime examples are committing fraud, trafficking in child pornography and intellectual property, stealing other peoples identity, or violating privacy of others. 2: What is the extent of cybercrime in the United States? Cyber crimes here in the United States are becoming very dangerous and serious, this could include online scams, also here in the United States we are the highest target for cyber crimes. And sometimes, it is very hard to measure the extent of cyber-crime in the US, due to the fact that when authorities record cyber-crime, they dont necessarily record it as a computer-related offense. It is most often recorded as fraud or some other conventional crime. The people who hack alone cost the US billions of dollars every year. 3: How do you think we should control / enforce cybercrime? Well, One of the first steps you can take is to add firewalls to your computer so that scams and viruses are less likely to bug your computer. Also, one of the major steps, always make sure not to give out your personal information and only shop on secure websites. I never give out any personal information of mine online unless it is 100 percent secure. If it is not secure somebody else could have your identity very quick. Costing you a lot of money. I definitely do not want my identity stolen. Most â€Å"secure† websites will have a logo saying â€Å"Website Secured.†These steps will help ensure that some negative activity does not occur. 4: Do you think enforcement can be effective? Why or why not? Yes, definitely because at least it can guarantee us safety in the worldwide web and it could also teaches us to be more well discipline and to strengthen the norms that is governing that society. Enforcement could maybe dig more deeper into this and help find who is commiting these cybercrimes. There should not be any mysteries or â€Å"excuses† as far as how to solve or lessen cybercrime. I know that the government can find these cyber criminals as we all know that our government has more advanced technology than we can possibly imagine.

Contemporary Ergogenic Aids

Contemporary Ergogenic Aids A literature review of contemporary ergogenic aids which have been recommended within the lay literature to improve exercise performance A number of psychological, mechanical, nutritional and pharmacological factors shown to limit exercise performance have been identified. Driving towards success, professional and amateur athletes attempt to identify these factors and to find techniques to minimise their likely impact. Specific nutrients or compounds used in an attempt to enhance the capacity of an individual to perform a specific task beyond effects attributable to training alone have been described as ergogenic aids (Williams, 1983).Currently, two nutritional aids have identified which are thought to reduce the rate of intramuscular metabolite accumulation, beta alanine and sodium bicarbonate. Beta alanine supplementation increases intramuscular buffering capacity by enhancing intramuscular carnosine synthesis. Whereas, sodium bicarbonate has shown to increase the extracellular buffering capacity by increasing the blood bicarbonate concentration (Requena et al. 2005). During high intensity exercise, fatigue is often associated to the excessive accumulation of metabolites, such as potassium ions (K+), hydrogen ions (H+), and phosphate ions (Pi+), and the availability of metabolic fuel sources (Fitts et al, 2008). The ergogenic potential of beta alanine and sodium bicarbonate have both become increasingly topical avenues of exploration due to the growing popularity of their supplementation by amateur and professional athletes.Therefore, this review will focus on critically evaluating the evidence on beta alanine and sodium bicarbonate, which are both currently recommended within the lay literature to enhance performance. Furthermore, to make a reasoned conclusion about nutritional manipulations which could enhance performance. Recently, a lay article claimed that beta alanine supplementation enhances performance for short duration and high intensity workouts, however decreases long duration performance (Oches, 2016). The rationale for this is based on well substantiated evidence that an increased level of beta alanine in the body elicits increased carnosine synthesis. Muscular acidosis has been recognized as one of the main causes of fatigue during intense exercise and carnosine has been shown to play a significant role in intramuscular pH regulation (Artioli et al, 2010). Therefore, Carnosine loading may enhance fatigue threshold and increase high intensity exercise performance (Blancquaert et al, 2014). Nearly a decade ago, it was demonstrated that chronic beta alanine supplementation was able to increase intramuscular carnosine content, suggesting that beta alanine is the rate-limiting factor for carnosine synthesis (Harris et al, 2006). Shortly after this, Hill et al (2007) demonstrated that increased skeletal muscle carnosine content was able to increase performance in various high intensity exercises. Following on from this, several high quality studies have explored the effects of beta alanine supplementation on sport-specific high intensity performances. These studies demonstrate that 1-10 minutes appears to be the effective time window where beta alanine is most beneficial (Salles Painelli et al, 2013). Looking closer we can see that studies which have attempted to enhance performance in exercises lasting less than one minute (Miro et al, 2013; de Salles Painelli et al, 2013) or over ten minutes (Thienen et al, 2012; Chung et al, 2014) have not found beneficial effects on performance. Whereas, studies which have examined exercises within this optimal time window have reported enhanced performance (de Salles Painelli et al, 2013; Hobsen et al, 2013). This would suggest that beta alanine supplementation may not be beneficial for enhancing short bouts of high intensity or endurance performance. A reason no positive effects are being seen in high intensity exercises lasting less th an one minute may be that these exercise models are not limited by intramuscular acidosis, thereby the increased buffering capacity of beta alanine is unable to show an effect. On closer observation we can see that some studies (Saunders et al, 2012; Ducker et al, 2013; Smith-Ryan et al, 2012) have reported that beta alanine is unable to improve repeated sprint performance and intermittent activities, where each exercise bout has been 30 seconds, signifying that beta alanine is unlikely to be beneficial in team sports, such as rugby and football. Although, it is important to mention that currently there is limited evidence examining the effects of beta alanine on sport-specific endurance events and team sport performance, consequently more research is needed before a reasoned conclusion can be made. Robust evidence suggests that the oral dosage of 4 to 6g beta alanine per day, over 4-10 weeks, increases carnosine concentrations by 40-80% (Blancquaert et al, 2015). Regarding the studies mentioned above, a dose response relationship is observed were the studies which prescribed >4g for a longer duration, reported greater improvements in performance compared to those that prescribed 4g for a shorter period of time. Looking closer we can see that Derave et al (2007) observed no significant differences in 400 meter running time trial performance following 4 weeks of beta alanine supplementation (4.8 g ·dayà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1) suggesting that a larger dose over a longer duration may be needed to see enhanced performance. For example, two studies previously mentioned, showed that 4-6 weeks of 6.4 g ·dayà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢1 beta alanine supplementation improved time trial performance in well-trained subjects (de Salles Painelli et al, 2013; Hobsen et al, 2013). Regarding training status, Bex et al (2013) showed that well-trained subjects may be more responsive to beta alanine supplementation compared non-trained subjects. Furthermore, a recent study (de Salles Painelli, 2014) directly comparing whether well-trained subjects respond differently to beta alanine in comparison to non-trained subjects reported that beta alanine improves performance to a comparable extent in both well-trained and non-trained subjects. These observations are in agreement with the studies mentioned above where improvements were seen in well-trained subjects (Hobsen et al, 2013; Derave et al, 2007; de Salles Painelli, 2014). This illustrates the efficacy of beta alanine as an ergogenic aid irrespective of the training status of the subjects. Therefore, athletes as well as recreationally fit subjects could benefit from beta alanine supplementation. Overall, the scientific literature supports the claim that beta alanine supplementation has the potential to enhance sho rt duration high intensity workouts performance. In addition, the evidence supports that beta alanine has a weakened ergogenic affect with regards to long duration performance (Oches, 2016). Another recent claim made within the lay literature, states that sodium bicarbonate improves endurance performance by lowering blood lactate levels (Strength Fitness UK, 2017). Further recommends are that endurance athletes should supplement with 0.3g ·kg-1 of body mass to see improvements in endurance race performance. Lastly, it is suggested that the dose of beta alanine should be split into several smaller doses and ingested throughout the day. The rationale for this claim is based on the putative concept that the disassociation of lactic acid forms lactate and H+ which in turn decreases intracellular and extracellular pH. As mentioned before, sodium bicarbonate increases the extracellular buffering capacity by increasing the blood bicarbonate concentration, thereby causing an efflux of H+ from the muscle cells to the blood. Consequently, any ergogenic potential that sodium bicarbonate may impose depends upon the physiological demands of the exercise being adequate enough to induce a performance inhibiting level of metabolic acidosis. Looking closer we can see that there is substantial evidence demonstrating the ergogenic effect of sodium bicarbonate improving performance during short duration high intensity exercise. This effect has been reported within a range of exercise modalities which are known to elicit decreases in intracellular and extracellular pH, such as single bouts of supramaximal exercise (Thomas et al, 2015; Driller et al, 2012), high-intensity intermittent activities (Tan et al, 2010; Miller et al, 2015), and certain skill-based sports, such as judo and tennis (Tobias et al, 2010; Wu et al, 2015). In contrast, research investigating the use of sodium bicarbonate as a buffering aid in endurance performance has shown more inconclusive results (George and MacLaren 1988; McNaughton et al, 1999; Stephens et al, 2002; Northgraves et al, 2014). Delving deeper, studies which reported improvements in performance were those that tended to exhaust subjects in 1 to 7 minutes using repeated exercise bouts or single intervals (Thomas et al, 2015; Driller et al, 2012; Miller et al, 2015). The improvements seen here are likely to have been due to the energy system being utilized at the time, as much evidence illustrates that sprint-based exercises accumulate more intracellular and extracellular acid compared to endurance-based exercises (McNaughton et al, 2016), so it is likely that they will benefit more from the buffering capacity of bicarbonate than endurance athletes. For example, Northgraves et al (2014) reported no improvements for 60 minute time trial performance following sodium bicarbonate supplementation (0.3g ·kg-1 body mass) compared to Thomas et al (2015) where performance was enhanced by a 2.2% increase in mean power output during 70 seconds of all-out sprint. It must be pointed out that not all anaerobic based studies have observed a benefit following supplementation. The major differences in these studies are the timing of the dose and the trained state of the study subjects. It is also possible that large individual differences exist as far as response to supplementation is concerned.   For instance, a recent observation shows that individuals respond differently to 0.3g ·kg-1 body mass sodium bicarbonate supplementation, where time to peak pH ranged from 10 to 90 min post ingestion (Miller et al, 2016). This shows a high variability in the dose-response from sodium bicarbonate and holds a considerable limitation to all previous research that have usually utilized a standard pre-ingestion time of between 60 and 90 minutes and interpreted the response as an average of the group. This observation may have considerable practical implication, as a more personalized approach to sodium bicarbonate supplementation can be employed by athletes to elicit larger ergogenic effects. Wi th regards to the dosage, substantiated evidence suggests that 0.3g ·kg-1 5g ·kg-1 body mass of sodium bicarbonate is effective. Doses which are not within this range show to be less advantageous for enhancing performance and have shown to cause gastrointestinal discomfort (REF). Regarding training status, a common conception is that well-trained athletes are less likely to benefit from the use of sodium bicarbonate as their buffering systems are already so well developed. Although, a recent observation is that well-trained subjects are able elicit gains in performance from sodium bicarbonate more readily compared to non-trained subjects (Carr et al, 2011). This observation appears to be in line with the studies mentioned in this review which employed short duration high intensity exercise. For example, studies involving well-trained subjects showed improvements in performance (Thomas et al, 2015; Driller et al, 2012) whereas, smaller improvements were observed in studies involving non-trained subjects (Peart et al, 2013; Vanhatalo et al; 2010). Looking closer we can see that Vanhatalo et al (2010) reported no improvements in 3-min all-out sprint performance were observed following a dose of 0.3g.kg.bm sodium bicarbonate, among recreationally active subjects. Whereas among well-trained subjects, Driller et al (2012) reported ~3% performance improvement in average power during a 4 minute all-out sprint following the same sodium bicarbonate supplementation (0.3g.kg.bm). Conclusion To summarise the literature reviewed, offering conclusions on the value and appropriateness of lay literature available to modern day athletes and performers. (Synergist with bicarbonate ; Co-supplementation of ÃŽÂ ²-alanine and sodium bicarbonate, to increase both intracellular and extracellular buffering capacity, was shown to result in additional improvements above ÃŽÂ ²-alanine alone). This is where you will make your conclusions about the truth of the claims. References Artioli, G.G., Gualano, B., Smith, A., Stout, J. and Lancha Jr, A.H., (2010). Role of beta-alanine supplementation on muscle carnosine and exercise performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 42(6), pp.1162-1173. Bex, T., Chung, W., Baguet, A., Stegen, S., Stautemas, J., Achten, E. and Derave, W., (2013). Muscle carnosine loading by beta-alanine supplementation is more pronounced in trained vs. untrained muscles. Journal of applied physiology. Carr AJ, Hopkins WG, Gore CJ. Effects of acute alkalosis and acidosis on performance: a meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2011; 41:801Y14. Chung, W., Baguet, A., Bex, T., Bishop, D.J. and Derave, W., (2014). Doubling of muscle carnosine concentration does not improve laboratory 1-hr cycling time-trial performance. International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism, 24(3), pp.315-324. de Salles Painelli, V., Roschel, H., De Jesus, F., Sale, C., Harris, R.C., Solis, M.Y., Benatti, F.B., Gualano, B., Lancha Jr, A.H. and Artioli, G.G., (2013). The ergogenic effect of beta-alanine combined with sodium bicarbonate on high-intensity swimming performance. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 38(5), pp.525-532. de Salles Painelli, V., Saunders, B., Sale, C., Harris, R.C., Solis, M.Y., Roschel, H., Gualano, B., Artioli, G.G. and Lancha Jr, A.H., (2014). Influence of training status on high-intensity intermittent performance in response to ÃŽÂ ²-alanine supplementation. Amino acids, 46(5), pp.1207-1215. Ducker, K.J., Dawson, B. and Wallman, K.E., (2013). Effect of Beta alanine and sodium bicarbonate supplementation on repeated-sprint performance. The Journal of Strength Conditioning Research, 27(12), pp.3450-3460. Mero AA, Hirvonen P, Saarela J, et al. Effect of sodium bicarbonate and betaalanine supplementation on maximal sprint swimming. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2013; 10:52. Fitts RH. The cross-bridge cycle and skeletal muscle fatigue. J. Appl. Physiol. 2008; 104:551Y8 Nieper, A., (2005). Nutritional supplement practices in UK junior national track and field athletes. British journal of sports medicine, 39(9), pp.645-649. Oches, E. (2016). Everything You Need To Know About Beta Alanine. Available: https://gymjunkies.com/beta-alanine/. Last accessed 12th Feb 2017. Petrà ³czi, A., Naughton, D.P., Pearce, G., Bailey, R., Bloodworth, A. and McNamee, M., (2008). Nutritional supplement use by elite young UK athletes: fallacies of advice regarding efficacy. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 5(1), p.22. Saunders, B., Sale, C., Harris, R.C. and Sunderland, C., (2012). Effect of beta-alanine supplementation on repeated sprint performance during the Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test. Amino acids, 43(1), pp.39-47. Solheim, S.A., Nordsborg, N.B., Ritz, C., Berget, J., Kristensen, A.H. and Mà ¸rkeberg, J., (2016). Use of nutritional supplements by Danish elite athletes and fitness customers. Scandinavian journal of medicine science in sports. Smith-Ryan, A.E., Fukuda, D.H., Stout, J.R. and Kendall, K.L., (2012). High-velocity intermittent running: effects of beta-alanine supplementation. The Journal of Strength Conditioning Research, 26(10), pp.2798-2805. Van Thienen, R., Van Proeyen, K., Vanden Eynde, B., Puype, J., Lefere, T. and Hespel, P., (2009). b-Alanine improves sprint performance in endurance cycling. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 41(4), pp.898-903.

Comparison of Democracy Models

Comparison of Democracy Models Write an essay that compares and contrasts the different versions of democracy discussed in class (and in Hudson)—protective, developmental, pluralistic, and participatory? Which best describes American politics today? Which is most preferable? Why? According to William E. Hudson, there are four major models that emerge from modern conceptions of democracy: Protective, Developmental, Pluralistic, and Participatory Democracy. The Protective model advocates democratic institutions because they can provide protection for individual liberties and control of property in a society where people are self-interested and acquisitive. This model will give way to a utilitarian society where there is the greatest good for the greatest number. The Developmental model believes democratic politics is best for allowing all people with â€Å"civic virtue† to overcome their selfishness, unlike the Protective model, and promote the well-being of all of society. While the citizens are passive in the Protective model, the Developmental model encourage â€Å"good citizen† to actively participation in politics to better themselves and their government. However, social scientists view the Developmental model as a democratic ideal that is much different from reality. The average citizen are observed to be apathetic and uninformed about politics while only the political elites participate in government. This give rise to the Pluralist model which, like the Protective, sees human nature as inherently selfish and would defer the day-to-day governance to the elites. Pluralists give the leaders of interest groups the role of representing the average citizens in policymaking. Because both models assume that political leaders, the elites, should make most of the decisions, they are labeled the elitist models of democracy. In response to the Pluralist view, the Participatory model suggests that political apathy is the result of the lack of opportunities for significant participation rather than a natural inclination. People are apathetic because social and political institutions encourage apathy in an authoritarian manner. Much like the Developmental model in many respects, it sees people as capable of civic virtue and encourages active participation in political affairs. The two models differ from each other on their view on economic inequality. The Developmental model does not view this as a barrier, whereas the Participatory focus on the importance of economic equality as a requirement for meaningful political democracy. American politics today would be best described as a Pluralistic democracy. It has the lowest voter turnout of any democracy. People are clearly apathetic and focused on their private concerns to care about the day-to-day governance. For the most part, politics is the matter of political elites like interest groups each representing its members by lobbying for laws and reform bill. However, this has led to a society ruled by a few elites with the majority of the nation’s wealth and have significant leverage in political matters. A more preferable model to strive for is the Participatory model. Much of the apathy in American politics is due to the notion that the people feel powerless. People feel that their contribution and participate in government will not amount to much. The citizens have no direct say in government with the exception of representative of the House. Every member of the executive and judicial branch as well as the Senate are not directly elected by the people. The complicated system of separation of power and checks and balances were purposefully designed by the Framers to slow the governing process for the sake of preventing tyranny. Consequently, whether the people participated or not, a policy will still take a tremendous amount of time to go through as the political parties in each governmental branch fight over partisanship rather than the merit of the policy. As explained by proponents of the model, there is also a lack of opportunities for participation especially when people are mo re and more caught up in their career. The Election Day is arbitrarily put on a Tuesday when, with the exception of a few states, many people have to go to work. What does the game â€Å"star power† tell us about power? How did the Framers of the Constitution incorporate such ideas into the Constitution? The Star Power game demonstrate the notion of absolute power corrupts absolutely. The game starts out with a very social atmosphere as the players trade chips with each other. However, when the ability to govern the other groups, and dictate the rules, is given to the â€Å"upper-class† Square group, the atmosphere changed. Inevitably, the Square members, the elites, begin to create oppressive rules that are favorable to them to remain in power and are restricting to the other two groups. Although the other group can suggest rules, the Square have no obligation to adopt any of it unless it is favorable to them. This create a different class system for the participants: those in power and those who are powerless. It is important to note that if any other participant in the lower- and middle-class groups, the Circle and the Triangle, that would be promoted to Square will succumb to the same temptation of infinite power. Who is Steve Rocco? How did he get elected to school board? What—if anything—does his election say is broken in our political system, and what can be done to fix it? Steve Rocco is an American who was formerly an elected board member of the Orange Unified School District in Orange in 2004. Strangely enough, despite being elected, nobody seems to know anything about Rocco then. Even the board members and news reporters could not get through to him during his candidacy. He also did not campaign or have a candidate statement, and he was supposedly a teacher according to the candidacy form. However, he managed to win the election against an opponent who actively campaigned. He did not make any public appearance during this period and some people speculated that he would not show up to the board meetings. Rocco did, in fact, show up to meetings with inappropriate speeches and inappropriate behaviors which enraged other members present. A petition to recall him failed to gather enough signatures and he remained on the board. This event raises several key issues with the political system. First of which is the people’s lack of care and involvement in the political system. The fact that Steve Rocco did not campaign or make any public appearance during the candidacy should have raised an alarm. This may be an isolated incident of failure in the system but the root cause is present even in major elections. Most people are already so removed from politics that voter turnout has been on a decline. Those who does cast a ballot in an election often do so based on familiarity of names or other attribute. In the case of presidential election, the large majority vote based on partisanship. That is to say a person who is affiliated to the Democratic Party will most likely vote for a Democratic candidate. Further on the topic of voting, smaller elections, like the one that got Steve Rocco elected, are often placed towards end of the very lengthy ballot. Voters suffer from ballot fatigue and will only complete the first part of a ballot. Those who actually do reach the end will often do it with less care assuming they even have a slight notion of what they are voting for. As a case in point, many people said they thought it was more appropriate to vote for Steve Rocco because he claimed to be a teacher as oppose to his opponent who is a park ranger. Most people would immediately blame the people who voted for Rocco as ignorant among other accusation. The common people are apathetic about participating in the political system except those who have a very large stake in the matter. Although they are not entirely wrong, there are other factors to consider. One issue raised by this event was the failure of watchdog journalism, or any other watchdog organization for that matter. As aforementioned, no one knew a thing about Steve Rocco when he was elected. This is not limited to the common folk of Orange County but also the journalists and reporters. In this case, no matter how involved one may be in the election, there is simply not enough information available to make an informed decision on the matter. Another issue is how Steve Rocco managed to become a candidate in the first place. Clearly, the requirements for candidacy is not sufficient because it only required the name and occupation of the candidate. What is more worrying is the fact that Steve Rocco falsely claimed he is a teacher and shows that the people organizing the election never bothered to do a background check on the candidates. There are no quick and easy fix for the political system. To start, the people and organizations involved like the media should have the duty to seek and provide all the relevant information for the people. How can people be expected to make informed decisions when there are no information to seek? How does the separation of powers, according to Hudson, undermine democracy? Do you think there are too many â€Å"checks† in our system of government? Too few? What types of constitutional reforms does he suggest? According to Hudson, the founders’ preoccupation with safeguarding liberty caused them to create a system that undermined two other key democratic values. To prevent majority tyranny, they created a structure that lacks responsiveness to political majorities. This is done by putting democratic passions through excessive checks and balances of the separated branches of government. Second, the separation of powers divided responsibility and made it impossible to hold elected officials accountable for their actions. Accountability is crucial to representative democracy especially when the representatives make laws that are not in their constituents’ best interests. This cannot be done when separation of power obscures who is responsible for governmental conduct and inhibit responsiveness to public interests. What are the pros and cons of having major policy decisions made by majority rule? Do you think the decisions such as whether to build or build an airport at Toro, go to war in Iraq, or define marriage (Proposition 8) should be made by majority rule? What do Greenberg and Page feel about the capacity of average people to govern themselves? Do you agree or disagree? Majority rule is one of the key concepts that people associate with the word â€Å"democracy† in the United States. The Framers’ concern and fear of majority tyranny was one of the reason for the system separation of powers. They saw the common people as uninformed and lack the knowledge to make the right decision for everyone. The system does not distinguish the tyrannical majorities from those that are not. It simply creates a series of roadblocks which allows the interests of the minority to prevent change that a democratic majority support. A democratic majority rule can be good in distributing the decision-making power to many people who have a stake in the outcome. Essentially, it gives way to change that are beneficial to the largest number of people based on their democratic vote. As people see that they each have the equal power to change their own life and those of others, they will naturally become more attentive to politics and spur discussions that will bet ter society. Under an autocratic system, the opinion of the majority does not matter as their supreme leader makes all the important decisions and seek only obedience. In a democracy that inhibit majority rule, it is no different. Instead of a single supreme leader, it could be a sufficiently large interest groups funded by wealthy individuals and creates an executive minority rule. Interest groups today like the NRA or AARP are extremely influential in making public policy and are among the biggest lobbies in Washington. Under majority rule, everyone can become part of the decision-making process which deter tyrannical rule of the few elites. This is especially true in America as top 20 percent control 80 percent of the wealth, and will continue to stretch their lead by funding political candidates who are willing to represent their interest. For a time leading up to the Iraq War, most people were hesitant to use military force and continued to oppose the war when it began. Nevertheless, majority rule is not safe from abuse as feared by the Founding Fathers and the Framers of the Constitution. After all, one of the weakness of majority rule is that it does not require a consensus to make a decision. After the September 11th attack, the public was very emotional and supported the war in Afghanistan. Minority racial groups became targets of hostility as a result as well. The issue arise as to whether people should be allowed to make important decisions when they are so easily manipulated by emotion. Moreover, a majority rule does not guarantee the protection against influences from elites. The period known as the Red Scare led to mass hysteria of anti-communist sentiment as a result of Senator McCarthy’s speeches. Although there have been instances of majority tyranny, they are few and far between. Regardless, Greenberg and Page still feels that the average people do not have the capacity to govern themselves. They see that the citizens do not care about politics, are uninformed on most matters, and unstable in their views. As a result, the citizens are not ready for self-governance and should not be allowed to determine what government does. Greenberg and Page also note that, under alternative system from majority rule, the rights of the minorities are also not guaranteed. Opinion What aspects of the Constitution inhibit majority rule? Why did the Framer’s incorporate these constraints into the Constitution? In the Constitution, the Framers designed a framework for a government of separated powers and checks and balances. The government has its executive, legislative, and judicial powers divided into separate branches, each with a unique set of powers and a role in the affairs of the others. This is to prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful. This system has many potential for conflict between the branches of government. It was intentionally designed this way by the Framers to slow the governing process and inhibit majority rule. Many of them also believed that the people should not rule directly but through multiple layers of elected representatives serving as barriers to majority rule which they thought would lead to bad outcomes. The citizens of the United States have no direct say in government with the exception of electing members of Congress. The first and most obvious inhibitor on majority rule is the process to elect a president. Every member of the executive and judicial branch are not directly elected by the people. This include the President of the United States who is elected by the Electoral College, not the people. Even if candidates tie in number of votes or fail to receive the majority from the Electoral College the decision will go to the House of Representative. This was seen in the election of John Quincy Adams and George W. Bush where neither win the popular vote but were elected president by the House and the Electoral College, respectively. Another aspect of the Constitution that inhibit majority rule is the Amendment process which requires a supermajority vote: two thirds from both houses of Congress and three fourths of the state legislatures. It cannot be done by a simple popular majority vote nor does it require a popular vote. This inhibit majority rule because in the case of the Senate and the state legislature, each state is equally represented. This is particularly disproportionate as only a few states like California and Texas already constitute nearly a quarter of the population but only get 5% representation. The supermajority vote is also present in the checks and balances system. Unlike the prior examples, majority rule of the people and the government can be inhibited by the checks and balances system. Assume that public outcry has managed to influence both houses of Congress to pass a new law. The President have the power to veto the bill, which can be overridden by a two thirds vote in each house and signing it into law. At this point, the Supreme Court can deem the law unconstitutional and overturn the new law, or the president can issue a signing statements saying he cannot carry out the law. The Framers create a constitution by which the people only rule indirectly and deliberation serves as barriers to majority opinion. The framework of government established by the Framers was designed to inhibit majority rule. Of the three branches of government, they only made a part of one of them, the House of Representative, subject to election from direct vote of the people. It was not until the 17th Amendment that Senators were subjected to election by direct vote. On the topic of Amendments, suffrage was not granted to blacks, women, Native Americans, or 18-year-old until much later. One reason why it took so long was because the Framers created an amending process that was exceedingly complicated. They designed a system in which political elites are insulated from majority opinion to deliberate on their own.

The Devastating Impact of Weapons of Mass Destruction :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

The Devastating Impact of Weapons of Mass Destruction A burning ball was so bright and vivid overhead. Confusion arose when they realized that it was 8:15 a.m., and that the sun had already risen that day. The people of Hiroshima remember that day as "the day the sun rose twice" (Motro). They ran in a state of panic as the images of people's shadows were burned into the cement. This mayhem happened all because of the use of a weapon of mass destruction. The definition of a weapon of mass destruction is "a device, object, or substance that a person intends to use to cause multiple human deaths (Vernon). According to this definition, things like nuclear, biological and chemical bombs fall into this category. Many people think that, "such acts deserve universal condemnation"(biological weapons). The use of weapons of mass destruction is wrong. They are illegal, morally wrong, mentally disturbing, and the effects of the impact last forever. As far back as documented history can tell humans were using weapons to kill each other (Ali). When humans first started to make arrows, they were dipping them into animal waste so that the waste would act like poison. Rebehn M.D. writes, "The weapon of choice against a civilian enemy became biological, then chemical and nuclear, as soon as scientific advancement and technological development made them available." After World War II, the Hague convention was signed. This made it illegal to use weapons of mass destruction. The Geneva Convention, another official document, was signed in London, Moscow, and Washington on April 10, 1972. This particular Convention prohibited the use and production of chemical and biological weapons. While this particular document makes it illegal, most countries are still accused of making such weapons. Everyone was fearful that the Japanese and Germans were developing such weapons (Ali). In the society that Americans live in, it is not acceptable to kill another human being. By using biological or chemical agents, people are doing just that. Innocent people found themselves caught up in a military struggle for power. The chemical or biological weapons used do not distinguish between soldiers and civilians. Think about little babies with open sores all over them or becoming so sick that they suffer and eventually die. The use of a regular bomb would eliminate the suffering that usually occurs after an attack. Furthermore, bombs would not be dropped on civilians anyway.

Wide Sargasso Sea Essay examples -- English Literature Jean Rhys Locat

Wide Sargasso Sea Places take on a symbolic significance in Wide Sargasso Sea. Discuss the way in which Jean Rhys uses different locations in the narrative. Place in 'Wide Sargasso Sea' seems to be used to convey Antoinette's frame of mind at different times in her life. Wally Look Lai believes that "The West Indian setting...is central to the novel...(and) the theme of rejected womanhood is utilized symbolically in order to make an artistic statement about West Indian society and about an aspect of the West Indian experience". In Part One of 'Wide Sargasso Sea', Coulibri and the convent in Spanish Town are presented as contrasts in that they represent danger and safety respectively. Antoinette's mother describes how she feels 'marooned' in Coulibri, which could refer to both their geographical position and the fact that they live on an island, and also their position in society, and the racial tension which exists therein. This racial tension between the white Creoles and the black people stems from the fact that Creoles such as the Cosways' ancestors had been slave-owners, and the emancipation had left these families virtually penniless and lacking in respect. Jane Miller argues that "a woman on her own..is always alone if she depends on men...and vulnerable and weakened as the..foreigner is vulnerable and weakened". She therefore believes that Annette and Antoinette's isolation is due not only to the fact that they are foreigners, but also because they are women who are forced to be dependent upon men, and I agree that this is partly what adds to their isolation from society. Antoinette always pays careful attention to her natural surroundings. They almost seem perfect as she uses simile to com... ...ntoinette, but Anna Morgan, the heroine of "Voyage in the Dark", who comes from England to the Caribbean and recounts her attempts to come to terms with her new life. A feminist would say that Antoinette struggles primarily against the dictates of patriarchy. For example, it is Rochester who declares that Antoinette is "not English or European either" and also he who takes her away from her home in the West Indies and locks her up in the attic in his house in England. However, Selma James believes that the feminism and race issues run parallel to each other. She thinks that "the female dilemma and female vulnerability with men and in society generally is inseparable from the West Indian preoccupations about race..", and I am inclined to agree with her, and think that Jean Rhys uses location in the novel extremely effectively in order to convey this idea.

Dothea Orem Self-Care Theory

Dorothea Orem's Self-Care Theory This page was last updated on February 4, 2012 INTRODUCTION †¢Theorist : Dorothea Orem (1914-2007) †¢Born 1914 in Baltimore, US †¢Earned her diploma at Providence Hospital – Washington, DC †¢1939 – BSN Ed. , Catholic University of America †¢1945 – MSN Ed. , Catholic University of America †¢She worked as a staff nurse, private duty nurse, nurse educator and administrator and nurse consultant. †¢Received honorary Doctor of Science degree in 1976. †¢Theory was first published in Nursing: Concepts of Practice in 1971, second in 1980, in 1995, and 2001.MAJOR ASSUMPTIONS †¢People should be self-reliant and responsible for their own care and others in their family needing care †¢People are distinct individuals †¢Nursing is a form of action – interaction between two or more persons †¢Successfully meeting universal and development self-care requisites is an important compon ent of primary care prevention and ill health †¢A person’s knowledge of potential health problems is necessary for promoting self-care behaviors †¢Self care and dependent care are behaviors learned within a socio-cultural context DEFINITIONS OF DOMAIN CONCEPTSNursing – is art, a helping service, and a technology †¢Actions deliberately selected and performed by nurses to help individuals or groups under their care to maintain or change conditions in themselves or their environments †¢Encompasses the patient’s perspective of health condition ,the physician’s perspective , and the nursing perspective †¢Goal of nursing – to render the patient or members of his family capable of meeting the patient’s self care needs †¢To maintain a state of health To regain normal or near normal state of health in the event of disease or injury †¢To stabilize ,control ,or minimize the effects of chronic poor health or disability Health – health and healthy are terms used to describe living things †¦ †¢It is when they are structurally and functionally whole or sound †¦ wholeness or integrity. .includes that which makes a person human,†¦operating in conjunction with physiological and psychophysiological mechanisms and a material structure and in relation to and interacting with other human beings Environment environment components are enthronement factors, enthronement elements, conditions, and developed environment Human being – has the capacity to reflect, symbolize and use symbols †¢Conceptualized as a total being with universal, developmental needs and capable of continuous self care †¢A unity that can function biologically, symbolically and socially Nursing client †¢A human being who has â€Å"health related /health derived limitations that render him incapable of continuous self care or dependent care or limitations that result in ineffective / incomple te care. A human being is the focus of nursing only when a self –care requisites exceeds self care capabilities Nursing problem †¢deficits in universal, developmental, and health derived or health related conditions Nursing process †¢a system to determine (1)why a person is under care (2)a plan for care ,(3)the implementation of care Nursing therapeutics †¢deliberate, systematic and purposeful action, OREM’S GENERAL THEORY OF NURSING Orem’s general theory of nursing in three related parts:- †¢Theory of self care Theory of self care deficit †¢Theory of nursing system A. Theory of Self Care This theory Includes: †¢Self care – practice of activities that individual initiates and perform on their own behalf in maintaining life ,health and well being †¢Self care agency – is a human ability which is â€Å"the ability for engaging in self care† -conditioned by age developmental state, life experience sociocultural orientation health and available resources †¢Therapeutic self care demand – â€Å"totality of self care actions to be performed for some uration in order to meet self care requisites by using valid methods and related sets of operations and actions† †¢Self care requisites – action directed towards provision of self care. 3 categories of self care requisites are- oUniversal self care requisites oDevelopmental self care requisites oHealth deviation self care requisites 1. Universal self care requisites †¢Associated with life processes and the maintenance of the integrity of human structure and functioning †¢Common to all , ADL †¢Identifies these requisites as: oMaintenance of sufficient intake of air ,water, food Provision of care assoc with elimination process oBalance between activity and rest, between solitude and social interaction oPrevention of hazards to human life well being and oPromotion of human functioning 2. Developmental sel f care requisites †¢Associated with developmental processes/ derived from a condition†¦. Or associated with an event oE. g. adjusting to a new job oadjusting to body changes 3. Health deviation self care †¢Required in conditions of illness, injury, or disease . these include:– †¢Seeking and securing appropriate medical assistance Being aware of and attending to the effects and results of pathologic conditions †¢Effectively carrying out medically prescribed measures †¢Modifying self concepts in accepting oneself as being in a particular state of health and in specific forms of health care †¢Learning to live with effects of pathologic conditions B. Theory of self care deficit †¢Specifies when nursing is needed †¢Nursing is required when an adult (or in the case of a dependent, the parent) is incapable or limited in the provision of continuous effective self care.Orem identifies 5 methods of helping: oActing for and doing for others o Guiding others oSupporting another oProviding an environment promoting personal development in relation to meet future demands oTeaching another C. Theory of Nursing Systems †¢Describes how the patient’s self care needs will be met by the nurse , the patient, or both †¢Identifies 3 classifications of nursing system to meet the self care requisites of the patient:- †¢Wholly compensatory system †¢Partly compensatory system †¢Supportive – educative system †¢Design and elements of nursing system define Scope of nursing responsibility in health care situations †¢General and specific roles of nurses and patients †¢Reasons for nurses’ relationship with patients and †¢Orem recognized that specialized technologies are usually developed by members of the health profession †¢A technology is systematized information about a process or a method for affecting some desired result through deliberate practical endeavor, with or w ithout use of materials or instruments. Categories of technologies 1. Social or interpersonal †¢Communication adjusted to age, health status Maintaining interpersonal, intra group or inter group relations for coordination of efforts †¢Maintaining therapeutic relationship in light of psychosocial modes of functioning in health and disease †¢Giving human assistance adapted to human needs ,action abilities and limitations 2. Regulatory technologies †¢Maintaining and promoting life processes †¢Regulating psycho physiological modes of functioning in health and disease †¢Promoting human growth and development †¢Regulating position and movement in space OREM’S THEORY AND NURSING PROCESS †¢Nursing process presents a method to determine the self care deficits and hen to define the roles of person or nurse to meet the self care demands. †¢The steps within the approach are considered to be the technical component of the nursing process. †¢Orem emphasizes that the technological component â€Å"must be coordinated with interpersonal and social processes within nursing situations. Nursing Process Orem’s Nursing Process †¢Assessment †¢Diagnosis and prescription; determine why nursing is needed. analyze and interpret –make judgment regarding care †¢Design of a nursing system and plan for delivery of care †¢Production and management of nursing systemsStep 1-collect data in six areas:- †¢The person’s health status †¢The physician’s perspective of the person’s health status †¢The person’s perspective of his or her health †¢The health goals within the context of life history ,life style, and health status †¢The person’s requirements for self care †¢The person’s capacity to perform self care †¢Nursing diagnosis †¢Plans with scientific rationaleStep 2 †¢Nurse designs a system that is wholly or partly compe nsatory or supportive-educative. †¢The 2 actions are:- Bringing out a good organization of the components of patients’ therapeutic self care demands †¢Selection of combination of ways of helping that will be effective and efficient in compensating for/ overcoming patient’s self care deficits †¢Implementation †¢evaluationStep 3 †¢Nurse assists the patient or family in self care matters to achieve identified and described health and health related results. collecting evidence in evaluating results achieved against results specified in the nursing system design †¢Actions are directed by etiology component of nursing diagnosis †¢evaluationApplication of Orem’s theory to nursing process Therapeutic self care demandAdequacy of self care agencyNursing diagnosisMethods of helping Air Maintain effective respiration Water No problem Food maintain sufficient intakeInadequate Adequate InadequatePotential for impaired respiratory status P F fluid imbalance Actual nutritional deficit r/t nauseaGuiding & directing Teaching Providing physical support Hazards Prevent spouse abuse Promotion of normalcyInadequate InadequateP/F injury A/d in environment Shared housingPersonal development Guiding & directing Guiding & directingMaintain developmental environment Support  ¬ed normalcy in environment Prevent /manage dev threatInadequate InadequateActual delay in normal dev. R/T early parenthood Level of education Dev deficit r/t loss of reproductive organsGuiding & directing Providing psy support Providing physical, psy support Maintenance of health status Management of disease process Inadequate InadequateP/F contd. alterations in health status P/F UTIGuiding & directing, teaching Guiding & directing, teaching Adherence to med regimen Awareness of potential problemsInadequate InadequateP/F ? dherence in self catheterization & OPD RT Actual deficit in awareness of advisability of HRT & RT effectsteaching teaching Adjust to los s of reproductive ability & dev healthy view of illness Adjust life style to cope with change Inadequate InadequateActual threat to self image Actual self deficit in planning for future needs Providing psy support Guiding & directing OREM’S WORK AND THE CHARACTERISTICS OF A THEORY †¢Orem's theory ointerrelate concepts in such a way as to create a different way of looking at a particular phenomenon ois logical in nature. ois relatively simple yet generalizable ois basis for hypothesis that can be tested contribute to and assist in increasing the general body of knowledge within the discipline through the research implemented to validate them ocan be used by the practitioners to guide and improve their practice omust be consistent with other validated theories ,laws and principles Strengths †¢Provides a comprehensive base to nursing practice †¢It has utility for professional nursing in the areas of nursing practice nursing curricula ,nursing education administrat ion ,and nursing research †¢Specifies when nursing is needed †¢Her self-care approach is contemporary with the concepts of health promotion and health maintenance Limitations In general system theory a system is viewed as a single whole thing while Orem defines a system as a single whole, thing. †¢Health is often viewed as dynamic and ever changing. †¢The theory is illness oriented. RESEARCH ON OREM'S THEORY 1. Self-care requirements for activity and rest: an Orem nursing focus 2. Nursing diagnoses in patients after heart catheterization–contribution of Orem 3. Self-care–the contribution of nursing sciences to health care 4. Self-care: a foundational science 5. Orem's self-care deficit nursing theory: its philosophic foundation and the state of the science 6. Dorothea E. Orem: thoughts on her theory . Orem's theory in practice. Hospice nursing care 8. Solving the Orem mystery: an educational strategy 9. Orem's family evaluation REFERENCES †¢Ore m, D. E. (1991). Nursing: Concepts of practice (4th ed. ). St. Louis, MO: Mosby-Year Book Inc. †¢Taylor, S. G. (2006). Dorthea E. Orem: Self-care deficit theory of nursing. In A. M. †¢Tomey, A. & Alligood, M. (2002). Significance of theory for nursing as a discipline and profession. Nursing Theorists and their work. Mosby, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America. †¢Whelan, E. G. (1984). Analysis and application of Dorothea Orem’s Self-care Practuce Model.Retrieved October 31, 2006. †¢George B. Julia , Nursing Theories- The base for professional Nursing Practice, 3rd ed. Norwalk, Appleton & Lange. †¢Wills M. Evelyn, McEwen Melanie (2002). Theoretical Basis for Nursing Philadelphia. Lippincott Williams& wilkins. †¢Meleis Ibrahim Afaf (1997) , Theoretical Nursing : Development & Progress 3rd ed. Philadelphia, Lippincott. †¢Taylor Carol,Lillis Carol (2001)The Art & Science Of Nursing Care 4th ed. Philadelphia, Lippincott. †¢Potter A P atricia, Perry G Anne (1992) Fundamentals Of Nursing –Concepts Process & Practice 3rd ed. London Mosby Year Book.

The Da Vinci Code Chapter 18-20

CHAPTER 18Fache sprinted belt complicate the lordly G exclusivelyery as collets radio bl ared on the whole solely oer the distant sound of the alarm.He jumped Collet was hollo. Im makeing the signal come out on Place du Carrousel Outside the sewer windowpane And its non wretched at tout ensemble Jesus, I hypothesize Langdon has further committed suicideFache go steadyd the nomenclature, just now they made no sense. He unplowed campaign. The hall agency expected never-ending. As he sprinted erstwhile(prenominal) Saunieres body, he set his sights on the partitions at the furthest end of the Denon Wing. The alarm was acquiring louder now. railway cargo deck Collets percentage blared again over the radio. Hes paltry My God, hes alive. Langdons movingFache kept running, exec proportionalityn the length of the hallway with every step.Langdons moving faster Collet was still yelling on the radio. Hes running down Carrousel. Wait hes take up speed. Hes moving as well fastArriving at the partitions, Fache snaked his way done them, saw the comfort mode door, and ran for it.The walky-talky was barely audible now over the alarm. He must be in a car I think hes in a car I cleart Collets words were swallowed by the alarm as Fache closingly burst into the mens direction with his gun drawn. Wincing against the piercing shrill, he s commodened the field of view.The stalls were empty. The bathroom stilbesterolerted. Faches eyeball moved straightaway to the shattered window at the far end of the room. He ran to the stretching and aspected over the b commitline. Langdon was nowhere to be check outn. Fache could non surmise anyone risking a stunt like this. authorized as shooting if he had dropped that far, he would be soberly injured.The alarm cut off finally, and Collets juncture became audible again over the walkie-talkie. moving south faster crossing the fish on Pont du Carrousel Fache morose to his left. The scarcely vehi cle on Pont du Carrousel was an terrible twin-bed Trailor delivery motor truck moving sulfur away from the flipper. The trucks open-air bed was cover with a vinyl tarp, roughly resembling a giant hammock. Fache matte a tingling of apprehension. That truck, only moments ago, had probably been s topped at a red take fire at once beneath the rest room window.An fey risk, Fache told himself. Langdon had no way of grappleing what the truck was carrying beneath that tarp. What if the truck were carrying steel? Or cement? Or plane garbage? A forty-foot dance? It was madness.The dot is twist Collet cal lead. Hes turning salutary on Pont des Saints-PeresSure enough, the Trailor truck that had go through and through the bridge was slowing down and do a right turn onto Pont des Saints-Peres. So be it, Fache legal opinion. Amazed, he watched the truck disappear around the corner. Collet was already radioing the agents removed, pulling them off the Louvre mete and sending th em to their patrol cars in pursuit, all the while broadcasting the trucks changing jam like some kind of unusual evasive action-by-play.Its over, Fache k sore. His men would nonplus the truck surrounded within minutes. Langdon was not going anywhere. storeroom his weapon, Fache exited the rest room and radioed Collet. Bring my car around. I want to be thither when we make the arrest.As Fache jogged back up down the length of the Grand Gallery, he wondered if Langdon had even survived the fall.not that it mattered.Langdon ran. Guilty as charged. further fifteen yards from the rest room, Langdon and Sophie sas welld in the iniquity of the Grand Gallery, their backs pressed to one of the bad partitions that hid the bathrooms from the gallery. They had barely managed to hide themselves before Fache had darted chivalrous them, gun drawn, and disappeared into the bathroom.The last sixty seconds had been a blur.Langdon had been stand up interior the mens room refusing to run f rom a crime he didnt commit, when Sophie began eyeing the plate-glass window and examining the alarm mesh running through it. Then she peered downward into the street, as if measuring the drop. With a little aim, you rotter sterilise out of here, she said. Aim? Uneasy, he peered out the rest room window.Up the street, an enormous twin-bed eighteen-wheeler was mountain passed for the stoplight beneath the window. Stretched crossways the trucks galvanic pileive cargo bay was a blue vinyl tarp, loosely covert the trucks load. Langdon hoped Sophie was not thinking what she seemed to be thinking.Sophie, theres no way Im jump Take out the tracking dot. Bewildered, Langdon fumbled in his soap until he found the tiny metallic record book. Sophie took it from him and strode instanter to the sink. She grabbed a thick bar of grievous bodily harm, primed(p) the tracking dot on top of it, and employ her thumb to push the magnetic disc down hard into the bar. As the disk sank into t he soft surface, she pinched the hole closed, heavily embedding the device in the bar.Handing the bar to Langdon, Sophie retrieved a heavy, cylindrical trash fundament from chthonian the sinks. Before Langdon could protest, Sophie ran at the window, holding the undersurface before her like a batter ram. Driving the bottom of the trash can into the center of the window, she shattered the glass.Alarms erupted overhead at earsplitting decibel levels.Give me the goo Sophie yelled, barely audible over the alarm. Langdon squeeze the bar into her hap. Palming the soap, she peered out the shattered window at the eighteen-wheeler idling below. The target was view big an expansive, stationary tarp and it was slight than ten feet from the side of the make. As the commerce lights prepared to change, Sophie took a deep pinch and lobbed the bar of soap out into the night.The soap plummeted downward toward the truck, landing on the edge of the tarp, and sliding downward into the ca rgo bay just as the traffic light turned green.Congratulations, Sophie said, dragging him toward the door. You just escape from the Louvre.Fleeing the mens room, they moved into the shadows just as Fache rushed past. straightway, with the fire alarm silenced, Langdon could hear the sounds of DCPJ sirens tearing away from the Louvre. A practice of law exodus.Fache had hurried off as well, exit the Grand Gallery deserted.Theres an parking brake stairwell just closely fifty meters back into the Grand Gallery, Sophie said. Now that the guards are leaving the perimeter, we can get out of here.Langdon decided not to assert an early(a) word all evening. Sophie Neveu was clear a hell of a kitty smarter than he was.CHAPTER 19The Church of Saint-Sulpice, it is said, has the about eccentric history of any building in genus Paris. Built over the ruins of an antediluvian patriarch temple to the Egyptian goddess Isis, the church service possesses an architectural footprint matching tha t of notre Dame to within inches. The sanctuary has played host to the baptisms of the marquess de Sade and Baudelaire, as well as the marriage of Victor Hugo. The attached seminary has a well-documented history of unorthodoxy and was once the clandestine unlesst oning hall for numerous sequestered societies.Tonight, the cavernous nave of Saint-Sulpice was as silent as a tomb, the only hint of disembodied spirit the faint smell of incense from mass earlier that evening. Silas sensed an uneasiness in babe Sandrines demeanor as she led him into the sanctuary. He was not surprised by this. Silas was accustomed to wad being disquieting with his appearance.Youre an American, she said.French by birth, Silas responded. I had my trading in Spain, and I now weigh in the United States.Sister Sandrine nodded. She was a secondary charr with quiet eyes. And you deal never seen Saint- Sulpice?I realize this is virtually a sin in itself. She is to a greater extent bewitching by day. I am real. Nonetheless, I am grateful that you would tender me this opportunity tonight. The abbe requested it. You obviously bring in ruling friends. You take a shit no idea, Silas thought.As he followed Sister Sandrine down the important aisle, Silas was surprised by the austerity of the sanctuary. different nonre Dame with its colorful frescoes, gilded communion table-work, and unattackable wood, Saint- Sulpice was stark and cold, conveying an almost simple(a) quality reminiscent of the ascetic cathedrals of Spain. The deprivation of decor made the interior look even to a greater extent(prenominal) expansive, and as Silasgazed up into the soaring ribbed vault of the ceiling, he imagined he was standing beneath the hull of an enormous overturned ship.A accommodate image, he thought. The sexual unions ship was about to be capsized forever. Feeling eager to get to work, Silas wished Sister Sandrine would leave him. She was a small woman whom Silas could incapacitate e asily, but he had vowed not to use force unless absolutely necessary. She is a woman of the cloth, and it is not her fault the brotherhood chose her church as a hiding place for their keystone.She should not be penalize for the sins of others.I am embarrassed, Sister, that you were awoken on my behalf. non at all. You are in Paris a short while. You should not exclude Saint-Sulpice. be your interests in the church more architectural or historical?Actually, Sister, my interests are spiritual.She gave a pleasant laugh. That goes without saying. I evidently wondered where to begin your tour.Silas mat his eyes focus on on the altar. A tour is unnecessary. You have been more than kind. I can show myself around.It is no trouble, she said. After all, I am awake.Silas stopped walking. They had reached the front pew now, and the altar was only fifteen yards away. He turned his massive body fully toward the small woman, and he could sense her recoil as she gazed up into his red eyes. If it does not seem too rude, Sister, I am not accustomed to entirely walking into a house of God and taking a tour. Would you mind if I took some epoch alone to pray before I look around?Sister Sandrine hesitated. Oh, of course. I shall wait in the rear of the church for you.Silas put a soft but heavy hand on her get up and peered down. Sister, I feel guilty already for having awoken you. To ask you to mystify awake is too much. Please, you should return to bed. I can ravish your sanctuary and then let myself out.She looked uneasy. Are you surely you wont feel abandoned? Not at all. Prayer is a alone(p) joy. As you wish. Silas took his hand from her shoulder. Sleep well, Sister. may the peace of the Lord be with you. And to a fault with you. Sister Sandrine headed for the stairs. Please be sure the door closes strongly on your way out.I will be sure of it. Silas watched her climb out of sight. Then he turned and knelt in the front pew, judgment the cilice cut into his leg .Dear God, I house up to you this work I do today .Crouching in the shadows of the choir balcony uplifted above the altar, Sister Sandrine peered silently through the balustrade at the cloaked monastic genuling alone. The sudden dread in her soul made it hard to stay still. For a fleeting instant, she wondered if this secret visitor could be the enemy they had warned her about, and if tonight she would have to carry out the orders she had been holding all these years. She decided to stay there in the darkness and watch his every move.CHAPTER 20Emerging from the shadows, Langdon and Sophie moved stealthily up the deserted Grand Gallery corridor toward the emergency exit stairwell.As he moved, Langdon felt like he was trying to tuck a jigsaw puzzle in the dark. The newest aspect of this mystery was a deeply troubling one The captain of the discriminatory Police is trying to frame me for massacreDo you think, he whispered, that maybe Fache wrote that nub on the floor? Sophie didnt even turn. Impossible. Langdon wasnt so sure. He seems exquisite intent on making me look guilty. Maybe he thought constitution my name on the floor would dish his case?The Fibonacci time? The P. S. ? every(prenominal) the Da Vinci and goddess imageization? That had to be my granddaddy.Langdon knew she was right. The symbolism of the clues meshed too suddenly the pentacle, TheVitruvian Man, Da Vinci, the goddess, and even the Fibonacci chronological succession. A dogged symbolic set, as iconographers would call it. All inextricably tied.And his phone call to me this afternoon, Sophie added. He said he had to tell me something. Im certain his actor at the Louvre was his final effort to tell me something important, something he thought you could help me understand.Langdon frowned. O, Draconian freak Oh, foursquare nonesuch He wished he could sweep up the communicate, both for Sophies well-being and for his own. Things had definitely gotten worsened since he b asic laid eyes on the cryptic words. His fake leap out the bathroom window was not going to help Langdons popularity with Fache one bit. somehow he doubted the captain of the French jurisprudence would see the humor in chasing down and arresting a bar of soap. The entry isnt much farther, Sophie said. Do you think theres a possibility that the poem in your grandfathers message hold the key to understanding the other lines? Langdon had once worked on a series of Baconian manuscripts that contained epigraphical ciphers in which certain lines of formula were clues as to how to decipher the other lines.Ive been thinking about the fleshs all night. Sums, quotients, products. I dont see anything. Mathematically, theyre arranged at random. Cryptographic gibberish.And heretofore theyre all part of the Fibonacci sequence. That cant be coincidence.Its not. utilise Fibonacci offsprings was my grandfathers way of waving some other flag at me like writing the message in English, or set up himself like my favorite piece of art, or drawing a pentacle on himself. All of it was to catch my attention.The pentacle has core to you?Yes. I didnt get a peril to tell you, but the pentacle was a special symbol between my grandfather and me when I was growing up. We utilize to play tarot card eyeshades for fun, and my indicator card ceaselessly turned out to be from the suit of pentacles. Im sure he juicy the deck, but pentacles got to be our little joke. Langdon felt a chill. They played Tarot? The medieval Italian card game was so replete with hidden heretical symbolism that Langdon had dedicated an entire chapter in his new manuscript to the Tarot. The games twenty-two cards eager names like The Fe virile Pope, The Empress, and The Star.Originally, Tarot had been devised as a secret nitty-gritty to pass along ideologies banned by the Church. Now, Tarots mystical qualities were passed on by redbrick fortune-tellers.The Tarot indicator suit for womanly divinity is pentacles, Langdon thought, realizing that if Sauniere had been stacking his granddaughters deck for fun, pentacles was an apropos inside joke.They arrived at the emergency stairwell, and Sophie carefully pulled open the door. No alarm sounded. Only the doors to the outside were wired. Sophie led Langdon down a tight set of switchback stairs toward the ground level, picking up speed as they went.Your grandfather, Langdon said, locomote behind her, when he told you about the pentacle, did he mention goddess worship or any resentment of the Catholic Church?Sophie shake her head. I was more interested in the mathematics of it the augur equaliser, PHI, Fibonacci sequences, that sort of thing.Langdon was surprised. Your grandfather taught you about the figure PHI?Of course. The prophesy affinity. Her manner turned sheepish. In fact, he used to joke that I was half manufacturing business you know, because of the letters in my name. Langdon considered it a moment and then groane d.s-o-PHI-e.Still descending, Langdon refocused on PHI.He was scratch to realize that Saunieres clues were even more reproducible than he had first imagined.Da Vinci Fibonacci material bodys the pentacle.Incredibly, all of these things were connected by a single concept so ingrained to art history that Langdon often fagged several class periods on the topic.PHI.He felt himself suddenly reeling back to Harvard, standing in front of his Symbolism in Art class, writing his favorite morsel on the chalkboard.1. 618Langdon turned to face his sea of eager students. Who can tell me what this build is?A long-legged math major in back raised his hand. Thats the get PHI. He pronounced it fee. seemly job, Stettner, Langdon said. Everyone, meet PHI.Not to be confused with PI, Stettner added, grinning. As we mathematicians like to say PHI is one H of a lot cooler than PILangdon laughed, but nobody else seemed to get the joke. Stettner slumped. This number PHI, Langdon continued, one-poi nt-six-one-eight, is a very important number in art. Who can tell me why?Stettner tried to redeem himself. Because its so pretty? Everyone laughed. Actually, Langdon said, Stettners right again. PHI is generally considered the most beautiful number in the universe.The laughter amendly stopped, and Stettner gloated.As Langdon loaded his slue projector, he explained that the number PHI was comed from the Fibonacci sequence a furtherance famous not only because the summarise of adjacent terms equaled the next term, but because the quotients of adjacent terms possessed the amazing property of approaching the number 1. 618 PHI contempt PHIs seemingly mystical mathematical origins, Langdon explained, the authentically mind-boggling aspect of PHI was its role as a fundamental building settlement in nature. Plants, animals, and even gentle beings all possessed dimensional properties that adhered with eerie driveness to the ratio of PHI to 1.PHIs ubiquity in nature, Langdon sa id, killing the lights, clearly exceeds coincidence, and so the antiquateds assumed the number PHI must have been preordained by the manufacturer of the universe. Early scientists heralded one-point-six-one-eight as the reverent Proportion.Hold on, said a late woman in the front row. Im a bio major and Ive never seen this elysian Proportion in nature.No? Langdon grinned. Ever understand the relationship between females and males in a honeybee community?Sure. The female bees perpetually outnumber the male bees.Correct. And did you know that if you fraction the number of female bees by the number of male bees in any beehive in the world, you always get the equal number?You do? Yup. PHI. The female child gaped. NO WAYWay Langdon fired back, pleased as he projected a slide of a spiral sea ticktock. fuck this?Its a nautilus, the bio major said. A cephalopodan mollusk that pumps gas into its chambered shell to adjust its buoyancy.Correct. And can you guess what the ratio is of each spirals diameter to the next? The girl looked uncertain as she eyed the coaxal arcs of the nautilus spiral. Langdon nodded. PHI. The predict Proportion. One-point-six-one-eight to one. The girl looked amazed.Langdon progress to the next slide a close-up of a sunflowers seed head. Sunflower seeds grow in opposing spirals. stool you guess the ratio of each rotations diameter to the next? PHI? everyone said. Bingo. Langdon began hotfoot through slides now spiraled pinecone petals, leaf position on plant stalks, insect breakdown all displaying astonishing obedience to the Divine Proportion.This is amazing someone cried out.Yeah, someone else said, but what does it have to do with art?Aha Langdon said. happy you asked. He pulled up other slide a pale yellow sheepskin displaying Leonardo Da Vincis famous male nude The Vitruvian Man named for Marcus Vitruvius, the brilliant romish architect who praised the Divine Proportion in his text De Architectura.Nobody under stood go than Da Vinci the prophesy structure of the human body. Da Vinci actually exhumed corpses to measure the exact proportions of human bone structure. He was the first to show that the human body is literally made of building auction blocks whose proportional ratios always equal PHI.Everyone in class gave him a dubious look.Dont believe me? Langdon challenged. Next time youre in the shower, take a read measure.A couple of football players snickered.Not just you insecure jocks, Langdon prompted. All of you. Guys and girls. adjudicate it. Measure the hold from the tip of your head to the floor. Then divide that by the outdo from your bellybutton to the floor. Guess what number you get.Not PHI one of the jocks blurted out in disbelief.Yes, PHI, Langdon replied. One-point-six-one-eight. indispensability another example? Measure the distance from your shoulder to your fingertips, and then divide it by the distance from your elbow to your fingertips. PHI again. Another? ren al pelvis to floor divided by knee to floor. PHI again. Finger joints. Toes. Spinal divisions. PHI. PHI. PHI. My friends, each of you is a walking tribute to the Divine Proportion. scour in the darkness, Langdon could see they were all astounded. He felt a familiar rage inside. This is why he taught. My friends, as you can see, the chaos of the world has an underlying order. When the ancients ascertained PHI, they were certain they had stumbled across Gods building block for the world, and they worshipped Nature because of that. And one can understand why. Gods hand is evident in Nature, and even to this day there make up pagan, Mother Earth-revering religions. Many of us detect nature the way the pagans did, and dont even know it. May Day is a perfect example, the celebration of spring the earth advent back to life to produce her bounty. The mysterious wizardly inherent in the Divine Proportion was written at the start out of time. Man is simply playing by Natures rules, and b ecause art is mans attempt to imitate the beauty of the Creators hand, you can imagine we might be seeing a lot of instances of the Divine Proportion in art this semester. everywhere the next half hour, Langdon showed them slides of artwork by Michelangelo, Albrecht Durer, Da Vinci, and many others, demonstrating each artists lettered and rigorous adherence to the Divine Proportion in the layout of his compositions. Langdon unveiled PHI in the architectural dimensions of the Greek Parthenon, the pyramids of Egypt, and even the United Nations build in New York. PHI appeared in the organisational structures of Mozarts sonatas, Beethovens Fifth Symphony, as well as the works of Bartok, Debussy, and Schubert. The number PHI, Langdon told them, was even used by Stradivarius to calculate the exact situation of the f-holes in the construction of his famous violins.In closing, Langdon said, walking to the chalkboard, we return to symbols He draw five intersecting lines that formed a fi ve-pointed star. This symbol is one of the most powerful images you will see this term. Formally know as a pentagram or pentacle, as the ancients called it this symbol is considered both divine and magical by many cultures. Can anyone tell me why that might be?Stettner, the math major, raised his hand. Because if you draw a pentagram, the lines automatically divide themselves into segments according to the Divine Proportion.Langdon gave the kid a proud nod. Nice job. Yes, the ratios of line segments in a pentacle allequal PHI, making this symbol the ultimate reflexion of the Divine Proportion. For this reason, the five-pointed star has always been the symbol for beauty and perfection associated with the goddess and the sacral feminine.The girls in class beamed.One note, folks. Weve only moved(p) on Da Vinci today, but well be seeing a lot more of him this semester. Leonardo was a well-documented devotee of the ancient ways of the goddess. Tomorrow, Ill show you his fresco The expiry Supper, which is one of the most astonishing tributes to the sacred feminine you will ever see.Youre kidding, right? somebody said. I thought The utmost(a) Supper was about Jesus Langdon winked. There are symbols hidden in places you would never imagine. deduce on, Sophie whispered. Whats wrong? Were almost there. HurryLangdon glanced up, aspect himself return from faraway thoughts. He complete he was standing at a dead stop on the stairs, paralyzed by sudden revelation.O, Draconian devil Oh, gamy saintSophie was looking back at him.It cant be that simple, Langdon thought. But he knew of course that it was. There in the bowels of the Louvre with images of PHI and Da Vinci swirling through his mind, Robert Langdon suddenly and accidentally deciphered Saunieres code.O, Draconian devil he said. Oh, lame saint Its the simplest kind of codeSophie was stopped on the stairs below him, staring up in confusion. A code? She had been pondering the words all night and had not seen a code. specially a simple one.You said it yourself. Langdons voice reverberated with excitement. Fibonacci numbers only have importee in their proper order. Otherwise theyre mathematical gibberish.Sophie had no idea what he was lecture about. The Fibonacci numbers? She was certain they had been intended as nothing more than a means to get the Cryptography Department intricate tonight. They have another purpose? She plunged her hand into her pocket and pulled out the printout, turn overing her grandfathers message again.13-3-2-21-1-1-8-5O, Draconian devilOh, lame saintWhat about the numbers?The scrambled Fibonacci sequence is a clue, Langdon said, taking the printout. The numbers area hint as to how to decipher the rest of the message. He wrote the sequence out of order to tell us to apply the very(prenominal) concept to the text. O, Draconian devil? Oh, lame saint? Those lines mean nothing.They are simply letters written out of order.Sophie inevitable only an instant to process Langdons implication, and it seemed laughably simple. You think this message is une anagramme? She stared at him. analogous a word jumble from a newspaper?Langdon could see the skepticism on Sophies face and certainly understood. Few people realized that read, despite being a trite modern amusement, had a luxuriant history of sacred symbolism.The mystical teachings of the qabalah drew heavily on anagrams rearranging the letters of Hebrew words to derive new inwardnesss. French kings throughout the conversion were so convinced that anagrams held magic power that they appointed royal anagrammatists to help them make better decisions by analyzing words in important documents. The Romans actually referred to the study of anagrams as ars magna the great art.Langdon looked up at Sophie, locking eyes with her now. Your grandfathers meaning was right in front of us all along, and he left us more than enough clues to see it.Without another word, Langdon pulled a pen from his jacket pocket and rearranged the letters in each line.O, Draconian devil Oh, lame saint was a perfect anagram of Leonardo Da Vinci The Mona Lisa